It is also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, a rare but serious condition characterized by insufficient production of cortisol and often aldosterone hormones by the adrenal glands. These hormones are important for regulating various bodily functions, including metabolism, immune response, blood pressure, and response to stress.
Insufficient production of these hormones by the adrenal glands results in a variety of symptoms and health complications.
Causes
Autoimmune Response
- The primary cause is when the body's immune system erroneously targets and damages the outer layer of the adrenal gland, known as the adrenal cortex.
- Infections include tuberculosis or fungal infections that can affect the adrenal glands.
- Cancer: Tumors or metastases that impair adrenal gland function.
- Genetic Factors: Rare genetic mutations affecting adrenal development or function.
- Other Causes: Haemorrhage (bleeding) into the adrenal glands or certain medications that interfere with adrenal hormone production.
Symptoms
A condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones, leading to symptoms like chronic fatigue, muscle weakness, weight loss, low blood pressure, skin darkening, salt cravings, digestive issues, mood changes, and women may have irregular periods or loss of libido.
Diagnosis
- Blood Tests: Measure cortisol, aldosterone, and ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).
- ACTH Stimulation Test: Determines how well the adrenal glands respond to synthetic ACTH, indicating adrenal function.
- Imaging: CT or MRI scans may be used to visualize the adrenal glands and check for structural abnormalities.
Treatment
- Hormone Replacement Therapy: Lifelong administration of synthetic cortisol to replace deficient cortisol and sometimes synthetic aldosterone to replace aldosterone.
- Dietary Adjustments: High-sodium diet during illness or stress to prevent salt depletion.
- Regular Monitoring: Adjust hormone doses as needed and monitor for complications like osteoporosis or adrenal crisis.
Addison's disease requires ongoing management and medical supervision to ensure hormone levels are balanced and complications are minimized. With proper treatment, individuals with Addison's disease can lead healthy lives, although adherence to medication and regular medical check-ups are essential for maintaining well-being.
